The aim of the research is to study the optimization of the system “soil–plant–atmosphere” using fine-dispersed sprinkling at sod-podzol and chernozem soils of Russia under the growing of legumes, fodder beet, and sorghum. It was marked that the temperature of surface air at the sites occupied by field crops (potato, root, perennial legume herbs) under ecologically friendly fine-dispersed sprinkling was lower by 2-5 °Ñ than without irrigation. This fact has a great impact on the conservation of soil moisture and photosynthesis process of the crops. It was established, that the key index of micro- and phytoclimate – humidity of surface air – increased by 12-24 % under fine-dispersed sprinkling affecting on the survivability of flowers in the flowering phase of crops (potato, root, perennial legume herbs) and consequently on their productivity. Data processing indicates the significant impact of ecologically friendly fine-dispersed sprinkling on soil fertility and elimination of erosion processes. The small drops of fine-dispersed water (300-600 microns in diameter) are consumed by plant stoma and the runoff of drop on the soil surface practically is absent, while at the conventional sprinkling drops trickle down from a leaf if the drop diameter more than 1 mm (1000 micron), which leads to erosion. Formation, growth, and preservation of tubercles directly depend on the sustainability of the indices of micro- and phytoclimate, especially in the periods of dramatic temperature difference in the system “soil–plant–atmosphere” during the vegetation. The experiment results confirm that the parameters of fine-dispersed sprinkling such as diameter of the drops of dispersed water, intervals between waterings, and irrigation rate 0.6-0.8 m³/ha create favorable water-air conditions for growth and development of crops.
Keywords: irrigation, microclimate, phytoclimate, system “soil–plant–atmosphere”, fine-dispersed sprinkling, photosynthesis, legume crops, fodder beet, sorghum, parameters of sprinkling, temperature drop.
